Avian influenza viruses are becoming a growing threat as they can be transmitted to humans and potentially cause the next pandemic. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) have issued a scientific opinion assessing the mutations of avian influenza viruses and their potential for transmission to humans. Employing the One Health approach, the report also makes recommendations for public health and animal sector on preparedness, surveillance and control of avian influence.
The work of the two agencies draws on extensive data, including genetic analyses, human case studies, and antibody presence to outline current risks and mitigation strategies.
“In 2024, avian influenza viruses expanded their reach, infecting previously unaffected species. Our work identifies key mutations linked to a potential spread to humans, requiring rapid detection and response. Collaboration and data sharing along the chain of actors involved remain essential in tackling emerging situations,” said Bernhard Url, EFSA Acting Executive Director.
“Global developments demand that we stay alert and make sure Europe is prepared to respond to the threat of avian influenza. Having strong preparedness plans in place is paramount to protect public health in Europe.” said Pamela Rendi-Wagner, ECDC Director.
Comprehensive list of mutations available
Experts generated a comprehensive list of mutations, from which they identified 34 genetic mutations that might increase the potential of avian influenza viruses to spread to humans. Using molecular analysis and genomic surveillance, animal and public health laboratories can refer to the list of mutations, which should be continuously updated, to monitor the emergence of strains that could potentially transmit to humans.
The scientific opinion also identifies how the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to mammals can be driven by factors such as genetic mutations, the mixing of genetic material between viruses, and the interaction with host immune response, alongside extrinsic factors that can increase the chance of transmission to humans, like human activities and environmental changes that increase contact between wildlife, poultry, livestock, and humans. High-density farming, low biosecurity practices, deforestation, urbanisation, and global trade amplify the risk of spillovers from animals to humans.
Alongside the scientific opinion, the Agencies also developed a guidance on how to investigate and control outbreaks of avian influenza affecting both humans and animals, using a coordinated One Health approach. Experts developed flowcharts outlining response actions for five outbreak scenarios at the human-animal-environment interface, emphasising the importance of an interdisciplinary response among all stakeholders. This work will support Member States in creating tailored national guidelines.
More on the subject:
EFSA’s news story on the matter
Preparedness, prevention and control related to zoonotic avian influenza